Amanda D. Hanford, at Pennsylvania State University, is taking the introductory steps to make acoustic ground cloaks. These materials redirect approaching waves around an object without scattering the wave senergy, concealing the object from the sound waves. Potentially this could be applied to sonar cloaking for submarines or other objects in the ocean.
During the 175th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, being held May 7-11, 2018, in Minneapolis, Minnesota, Hanford will describe the physics behind an underwater acoustic shield designed in her lab.
Above – Scientists are now working to take cloaking devices from the dramatic realm of science fiction and make them real. Amanda D. Hanford, at Pennsylvania State University, is taking the introductory steps to make acoustic ground cloaks. These materials redirect approaching waves around an object without scattering the wave energy, concealing the object from the sound waves. During the 175th ASA Meeting, Hanford will describe the physics behind an underwater acoustic shield designed in her lab. This image is a Profile picture of the assembled perforated plate ground cloak. CREDIT Peter Kerrian
Hanford and her team set out to engineer a metamaterial that can allow the sound waves to bend around the object as if it were not there. Metamaterials commonly exhibit extraordinary properties not found in nature, like negative density. To work, the unit cell — the smallest component of the metamaterial — must be smaller than the acoustic wavelength in the study.
“These materials sound like a totally abstract concept, but the math is showing us that these properties are possible,” Hanford said. “So, we are working to open the floodgates to see what we can create with these materials.”
To date, most acoustic metamaterials have been designed to deflect sound waves in air. Hanford decided to take this work one step further and accept the scientific challenge of trying the same feat underwater. Acoustic cloaking underwater is more complicated because water is denser and less compressible than air. These factors limit engineering options.
After multiple attempts, the team designed a 3-foot-tall pyramid out of perforated steel plates. They then placed the structure on the floor of a large underwater research tank. Inside the tank, a source hydrophone produced acoustic waves between 7,000 Hz and 12,000 Hz, and several receiver hydrophones around the tank monitored reflected acoustic waves.
The wave reflected from the metamaterial matched the phase of the reflected wave from the surface. Additionally, the amplitude of the reflected wave from the cloaked object decreased slightly. These results demonstrate that this material could make an object appear invisible to underwater instruments like sonar.
Using linear coordinate transformation, the researchers were able to map the flat surface of the bottom of the tank and determined that space was compressed into two triangular cloaking regions consisting of the engineered metamaterial.
These results show potential to contribute to real-world applications, such as acoustic materials to dampen sound and appear invisible underwater.
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America – Underwater acoustic ground cloak development and demonstration
ABSTRACT
Acoustic ground cloaks, which conceal an object on a rigid surface, utilize a linear coordinate transformation to map the flat surface to a triangular void by compressing space into two triangular cloaking regions consisting of a homogeneous anisotropic acoustic metamaterial. Transformation acoustics allows for the realization of a coordinate transformation through a reinterpretation of the scale factors as a new material in the original coordinate system. An underwater acoustic ground cloak was constructed from perforated steel plates and experimentally tested to conceal an object on a pressure release surface. The perforated plate acoustic ground cloak successfully cloaked the scattered object. There was excellent agreement between the phase of the surface reflection and cloak reflection with a small amplitude difference. Above 15 [kHz], the cloaking performance decreased as the effective material parameters of the perforated plate metamaterial deviated from the required material parameters.
