Mars Cities and Domed Craters

Paraterraforming (or World House Design) is a subset of Terraforming where we build huge structures which may cover a large fraction of a world’s surface. A key advantage is that it is usually much faster than terraforming but it can enable larger habitable areas than just making capsules or buildings.

LAVA architects and others have looked at doming canyons for Masdar City but it would also be applicable to Mars as a path to step by step terraforming of Mars.

Paraterraforming Mars
Paraterraforming essentially means making more and more greenhouses extending from settlements. If extended throughout the surface of Mars these greenhouses become what’s referred to a worldhouse.

The big advantage is that the paraterrraforming approach could provide Earth-like environments immediately. Indeed, it seems unreasonable to expect that settlers would wait thousands of years until the entire planet had been terraformed before wanting to have some Earth-like, natural environments to walk around in. So paraterraforming will be done and with automation, probably done on a large scale.

Marking Earth-like Air
The Martian atmosphere is about 95% CO2, 2% nitrogen, and 2% argon. Both nitrogen and argon are buffer gasses of great use for breathing and preventing fires on an environment with oxygen. So, by converting the CO2 into O2 (with algae or non-biologically) and separating out the N and Ar, one could produce breathable air with the following characteristics:
– 1/2 atmospheres of pressure
– 20% oxygen
– 40% nitrogen
– 40% argon.

The entire surface of Mars could eventually be transformed to this sort of air with a ceiling height of about 50 feet. But well before that, one could produce air within domes over numerous, very large settlements. In other words, it is possible to produce large Earth-like environments larger than what the settlers would need and to provide those environments as needed as the population grows.

Full Up Terraforming takes centuries to Millenia.

Super Greenhouse Gases

Factories are built to make a lot of super greenhouse gasses. This will heat up the Martian atmosphere and thicken the atmosphere with more CO2. The best near term goal would be to trigger enough heat to make the frozen CO2 in the Mars poles to sublimate. This could get 2-8 times the thickness of the atmosphere which would still be only about 10% of the thickness at the top of Mount Everest on Earth. The Martian atmosphere has a pressure of 6.518 millibars (0.095 psi) at ground level. This is 0.6% of Earth’s atmospheric pressure, which is 1013.5 millibars (14.7 psi).

The main challenges of this approach are three.
1) There’s some doubt as to whether there is enough CO2 bound up in the Martian dirt to adequately warm the planet.
2) The end result is an atmosphere which is not breathable by humans unless further processed. But there would
3) The time needed to complete this process is typically measured in the thousands of years.

Chris McCay describes how to terraform Mars within about one years of starting. Chris has determined that using supergreenhouse gases like C3F8 (Octafluoropropane) would warm up the atmosphere by about 40 degrees celsius and increase the pressure many times. This would enable Mars to grow plants and trees.

The terraforming analogy is that of moving down a mountain. Terraforming will reduce the coldness and increase the air pressure.