UCLA chemists have made dramatic improvements in organic chemistry. They use oxygen, copper ‘scissors’ to make cheaper drug treatments possible.
Editor’s summary
Reactions that form carbon–nitrogen bonds most often target carbon centers that are either single bonded to a halogen or double bonded to oxygen or another carbon. He et al. present an alternative sequence that targets a carbon–carbon single bond adjacent to an olefin. Treatment of the allylic carbon compound with ozone followed by copper catalysis formally displaces the pendant olefin with an amine. The reaction can introduce nitrogen into a wide variety of complex terpenes, among other compounds.
Key takeaways
* UCLA researchers have devised a way to produce chemicals used in medicine and agriculture for a fraction of the usual cost.
* Using oxygen as a reagent and copper as a catalyst to break organic molecules’ carbon-carbon bonds and convert them into amines, which are widely used in pharmaceuticals.
* Traditional metal catalysis uses expensive metals such as platinum, silver, gold and palladium, but the researchers used oxygen and copper — an abundant base metal.
One chemical used in some anti-cancer drugs, for example, costs pharmaceutical companies $3,200 per gram — 50 times more than a gram of gold. The UCLA researchers devised an inexpensive way to produce this drug molecule from a chemical costing just $3 per gram. They were also able to apply the process to produce many other chemicals used in medicine and agriculture for a fraction of the usual cost.
This feat, published in the journal Science, involves a process known as “aminodealkenylation.” Using oxygen as a reagent and copper as a catalyst to break the carbon-carbon bonds of many different organic molecules, the researchers replaced these bonds with carbon-nitrogen bonds, converting the molecules into derivatives of ammonia called amines.
Because amines interact strongly with molecules in living plants and animals, they are widely used in pharmaceuticals, as well as in agricultural chemicals. Familiar amines include nicotine, cocaine, morphine and amphetamine, and neurotransmitters like dopamine. Fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides also contain amines.
Industrial production of amines is therefore of great interest, but the raw materials and reagents are often expensive, and the processes can require many complicated steps to complete. Using fewer steps and no expensive ingredients, the process developed at UCLA can produce valuable chemicals at a much lower cost than current methods.
“This has never been done before,” Kwon said. “Traditional metal catalysis uses expensive metals such as platinum, silver, gold and palladium, and other precious metals such as rhodium, ruthenium and iridium. But we are using oxygen and copper, one of the world’s most abundant base metals.”
The new method uses a form of oxygen called ozone, a potent oxidant, to break the carbon-carbon bond in hydrocarbons called alkenes, and a copper catalyst to couple the broken bond with nitrogen, turning the molecule into an amine. In one example, the researchers produced a c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor — an anti-cancer drug — in just three chemical steps, instead of the 12 or 13 steps previously needed. The cost per gram can thus be reduced from thousands of dollars to just a few dollars.
In another example, the protocol took just one step to convert adenosine — a neurotransmitter and DNA building block that costs less than 10 cents per gram — into the amine N6-methyladenosine. The amine plays crucial roles in controlling gene expression in cellular, developmental and disease processes, and its production cost has previously been $103 per gram.
Kwon’s research group was able to modify hormones, pharmaceutical reagents, peptides and nucleosides into other useful amines, showing the new method’s potential to become a standard production technique in drug manufacturing and many other industries.
455 page supplemental information.
Brian Wang is a Futurist Thought Leader and a popular Science blogger with 1 million readers per month. His blog Nextbigfuture.com is ranked #1 Science News Blog. It covers many disruptive technology and trends including Space, Robotics, Artificial Intelligence, Medicine, Anti-aging Biotechnology, and Nanotechnology.
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Wall Street will insure that this tech only boosts profits AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE and minimal price drops, unless we elect less corrupt government that enforces otherwise.
Hopefully this gets urgency behind it, anything healthcare related is a joke, and prices must plummet.
Big pharma may not be pleased about this.
why? mass production has never lead to less products for more money.
it has instead always lead to greater profits as you can sell say, twice as much product at say 60% of the cost. aka 20% more money.