Interview of a Chinese researcher behind the detection of a weak signal indicating a Meissner effect in near-room-temperature superconductors described the differences in their work.
UPDATE from the Original Korean Team: New Article with highlights of what was said by Sukbae Lee on Jan 9, 2024.
The China researcher was interviewed by two people involved with managing Arxiv.org.
With copper-substituted lead apatite below room temperature, [china researchers] observe diamagnetic dc magnetization under magnetic field of 25 Oe with remarkable bifurcation between zero-field-cooling and field-cooling measurements, and under 200 Oe it changes to be paramagnetism. A glassy memory effect is found during cooling. Typical hysteresis loops for superconductors are detected below 250 K, along with an asymmetry between forward and backward sweep of magnetic field. The experiment suggests at room temperature the Meissner effect is possibly present in this material.
The China researchers started with LK99 materials.
They added the use of a hydrothermal treatment, which was not reported by the Koreans.
They modified the formula using Sulfur to fix the problem of random positioning of copper.
The correct placement of Sulfur ensures the more correct positioning of copper in the copper substituted lead apatite.
LK99 has two circles, outer and inner.
Copper should be substituted on the outer circle.
In the China researcher’s opinion, the copper should be substituted on the inner circle.
LK99 had random copper substitution which would result in less predictable superconducting effects.
His South China group also did the microwave absorption effect which also supports the conclusion of some superconductivity.
The material is in the powder phase and the percentage of active material is low.
The transition is between 250k (-23 celsius) and 300k (27 celsius).
There are ten LK99 research groups in China communicating on social media. They share information and he is waiting for some of the other nine groups to replicate.
They hope to a result in one or two months will show a consistent drop in resistance.
There are continuing to work to get the full proof of the resistance drop. They are seeing some very low resistance readings and sometimes very high readings. They have to make better materials.
China Experiment Arxiv Papers LK99
The arxiv paper with copper-substituted lead apatite below room temperature that suggests at room temperature the Meissner effect is possibly present in this material.
Chinese universities and research labs have published experimental evidence in support of LK99 as a room temperature superconductor (microwave absorption). The amount of superconducting material that is made in pile of LK99 powder is small. The LK99 needs to have precisely located copper and phosphorous. This leaves one dimensional molecular chains of superconducting material. All previous superconductors have been found to absorb microwaves. It is the nature of superconducting material that they exclude magnetic fields and thus the electronic and magnetic behavior is observed based on interaction with microwaves.
Original Korean Team APS Presentation Planned in Two Months – Also Added Sulfur to the Formula
We synthesized materials, Pb10-xCux(P(O1-ySy)4)6O1-zSz (PCPOSOS), called PCPOSOS, which exhibit superconducting behavior at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. These materials displayed characteristics of a superconductor, including zero resistance, the Meissner effect, and partial levitation when placed on a magnet (arXiv: 2307.12037). The partial levitation is caused by an inhomogeneity in the magnetic field of the magnet and occurred within the range of critical magnetic fields, Hc1 and Hc2. That is, the magnetic field of the magnet increased with going from center to the edge of magnet. The magnet had approximately 2000G at the center and approximately 3,000G at its edge. The levitation occurred near center. This indicates the center of the magnet is close to Hc1. It disappeared between center and the edge near Hc2, with Hc1 being much smaller than Hc2, because the magnetic moment at Hc2 is much smaller than that at Hc1. When the magnet is slightly moved, the levitation returns to its original position. This phenomenon is analyzed as flux pinning, which is typical of a type-II superconductor. Moreover, the quantum-locking phenomenon, characteristic of a Type-I superconductor, may appear. However, we interpret PCPOSOS as a Type-II superconductor. We will show two videos of levitations and two videos of magnets.
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Hi Brian, thank you, Sir for notifications. Thank you for your excellent science and excellent journalism as you have used the scientific method and waited for experiments to lead the way and experiments to decide between opinions and theories. Unfortunately many scientists tried to prematurely slay this original report without the scientific method just based on their opinions and positions. The Universe is complex and no one human knows it all. I kept to my theory even after the majority tried to stab this phenomena to death. I have been proposing theory that the phenomena is due to 17O (needle in haystack) and the difficult replication due to difficult positioning of 17O in the inner circle relative to outer circle in the copper substituted lead apatite. I, Reginald B. Little (RBL), note that I have further in my papers noted that the anions and their isotopes can in bond specific way favor cations (as in this case Pb or Cu). In my prior paper from OCt 2023 { https://ej-physics.org/index.php/ejphysics/article/view/287 }, I proposed in theory the enrichment of 17O in the inner circle can favor Cu replacing Pb in the inner circle for superconductivity as I propose the 17O induces tunneling of electrons due to its negative nuclear magnetic moment (NMM) and is more easily ionized transferring electron to Cu in the inner circle to promote room temperature superconductivity. In this regard I agree by my prior theory (Oct 2023) with the later (Dec 2023) experimental outcome from China of Cu in the inner circle for the superconductivity. In this manuscript on page __ RBL in OCt 2023 { https://ej-physics.org/index.php/ejphysics/article/view/287 } noted this: “Also, the replacement of few Pb ions by Cu ions in Lead Apatite with 17O enrichment in such material can be superconductive as the 17O (relative to 15N) at ambient temperature can more readily release electrons to Cu for the superconductivity due to the negative NMM of 17O. “. I also in this manuscript discover new cause of electron avalanche in atmosphere for lightning by 15N and 17O due to their negative NMMs! Sincerely, Reginald B. Little